Essay on Educational Psychology - 1169 Words

One of the more popular areas of psychology is Educational Psychology. Educational Psychology can be explained several ways. The idea is to study theories and concepts from different parts of psychology and apply them in educational settings. These educational settings may occur in different school settings such as preschool. The goal of educational psychology is to create a positive student-teacher relationship. Educational psychology uses five different types of psychology, behavioral, cognitive, developmental, and social cognitive, and constructivist in this research paper I will be briefly discussing each type of psychology listed above. Behaviorism is the point of view where learning and behavior are described and explained in terms†¦show more content†¦Some examples are belief, desire, ideas and motivation. Next, cognitive psychologists think memory structures determine how information is perceived, processed, stored, retrieved and forgotten. Cognitive psychology include perception, categorization, memory, knowledge representation, language and thinking processes. â€Å"The relationship of cognitive psychology to classroom is like the relationship of physics to engineering. Knowledge of the mind gleaned from cognitive psychology experiments will not tell teachers how to teach children, any more than knowledge of physics can prescribe what a bridge should look like† (Willingham, 2009) Developmental psychology is the point of view that occurs in learners over the course of a period of time. The developmental perspective includes theories that are continuous and discontinuous. Discontinuous theories are stage-like. The processes of learning and development involve distinct stages, which are characterized by qualitative differences in behavior. Theorists who use discontinuous theories use a specific beginning and end period for each stage. Continuous theories explain that learning and development generally happen in incremental processes. Learning involves changes throughout the lifespan. â€Å"Contemporary views on the nature of cognitive development have been vastly influenced by the work of one man. This was Jean Piaget (1896-1980), once a biologist, who turned hisShow MoreRelatedEducational Psychology and Assessment1205 Words   |  5 PagesCertificate in Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector - (Intensive) |Unit Title |CTLLS UNIT 3 - Principles Practice of Assessment | |Theory Assessment Number | | |Candidate Name |KEN PHILLIPS |Candidate Number | | |Date Issued | Read MoreExploring The Dynamics Of Educational Psychology1382 Words   |  6 PagesDynamics of Educational Psychology Importance of continued education. I think it should be a priority for educators to be up to date on research being conducted in the field of Educational Psychology because it promotes effective teaching and learning. If they stay updated, they will continue to learn new teaching methods and learning styles that will help their students to succeed. I think if educators are only sticking to the past research that they learned in educational psychology rather thanRead MoreTheories And Research Of Educational Psychology1615 Words   |  7 PagesSelect one area of applied psychology in this module. Discuss how theory and research in this area has been helpful or unhelpful in addressing human problems. Educational psychology has produced a vast array of theory and research that can be applied to educational settings to address problems that may occur. This essay will discuss how helpful, or not so helpful, research and theory has been in dealing with problems found in schools such as morality and understanding how children learn in orderRead MoreReflection Paper On Educational Psychology2629 Words   |  11 PagesErna Ananna Professor Gefen CEDF 710, Educational Psychology Date: 17th December, 2014 Fieldwork Reflection I. Introduction: Few weeks ago, I had an opportunity to observe a fifth grade inclusive classroom in P.S. 146, Anna M. Short School which is located in the Upper East Side of Manhattan. They had a total of 32 students where 16 of them are boys and 16 of them are girls. The class has collaborative teaching system. One of the class teachers is specialized on Special Education. They have totalRead MoreThe Field Of Educational Psychology856 Words   |  4 PagesSnowman, Jack (1997) defined educational psychology as a branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human learning. 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The developmentalRead MoreEducational Psychology : Vocabulary Terms1025 Words   |  5 PagesRegan Garey 1-18-16 Educational Psychology Vocabulary Terms 1 Action research- a process of different methods that are used to diagnose and solve issues that arise within schools or problems that teachers can face themselves. This process helps to improve or change the actions of those people involved. 2 Behavioral health- the range of mental and emotional well-being of a person. This would include how that person copes with normal, day-to-day activities to the challenges of life and everythingRead MoreMy Paper On Is Educational Psychology1545 Words   |  7 Pages The topic pertinent to psychology that i chose to do my paper on is educational psychology. Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn and retain knowledge, primarily in educational settings like classrooms. This branch not only involves just the learning process of early childhood and adolescence but it also involves the social, emotional, and cognitive learning processes that are involved in humans throughout their entire lifespan. Educational psychology combines numerous amountsRead MoreEducational Psychology Personal Statement896 Words   |  4 Pages​When I declared a psychology major during the second year of my undergraduate career, my objective was to attend medical school and eventually become a psychiatrist. I enjoyed the psychology classes in which I was enrolled and found them to compliment the premed curriculum I also wanted to study. I reasoned that a major in psychology would provide insight that could later be useful in my planned studies of psychiatry. Although I decided against going to medical school, psychology remained the primaryRead MoreThe Role of Educational Psychology in Teaching2687 Words   |  11 PagesThe Role of Educational Psychology in Teaching Aundrea Riley PSY 6631: Psychological Foundations of Education March 9, 2012 Dabney Hunter McKenzie, Ph.D. Introduction There are many who have wondered about the place of educational psychology in teaching and learning. However, a closer look at the nature and scope of learning and teaching and the essence of educational psychology clearly shows a relationship that can be best described as mutually

Divided Races The Help And Its Controversy - 3530 Words

Divided Races: The Help and its Controversy â€Å"What I am sure about is this: I don’t presume to think that I know what it really felt like to be a black woman in Mississippi, especially in the 1960s. I don’t think it is something any white woman on the other end of a black woman’s paycheck could ever truly understand. But trying to understand is vital to our humanity.† (Stockett Help 528-29) The above statement emphasizes Kathryn Stockett’s acknowledgment that The Help is a work of historical fiction. Like other historical fiction books, The Help is a book that entertains and takes the reader to a different place, which in The Help is Jackson, Mississippi in the middle of the Civil Rights Movement. Stockett’s use and inclusion of†¦show more content†¦Despite all that Demetrie did, the racial divide was very defined and strong throughout Stockett’s childhood. As a child, Stockett wasn’t allowed to eat at the same table as Demetrie: â€Å"That was just a normal part of life, the rules between blacks and whites† (Stockett Help 526). Demetrie always wore a white uniform, and that uniform allowed her entrance into places that ordinarily would have been denied to her because of her skin color. She used her own bathroom at all times, even if it meant having to go in one outside if the house only had one bathroom (Stockett  "This Life†). After Stockett grew up, she began to reminisce about her childhood and the impact that Demetrie had on her growing up. She began to recall stories that Demetrie had told to her as a child, but had never quite fully comprehended their meaning since she was so young and still so innocent and naà ¯ve. Stockett realized that despite not being treated as an equal, Demetrie none the less loved Stockett and took care of her as if she were her own. This led to the idea of The Help, a book that gives people an insight into what it was like to work in the South as a black person for a white family. Stockett used her own personal experience with her nanny, Demetrie, as a foundation for her book. She also

Social policy and youth studies- Written personal statement, Free Essays

Introduction and Aims Having completed a period of work experience within a childcare environment, I have gained a wide variety of experience and developed my own personal attributes, which I feel will ultimately enable me to become a valuable and responsible member of a childcare team, focusing on youth studies and social policy (Farrell Travers, 2005). This personal statement aims to chart the journey which I have undergone in the last year, including looking at those attributes and skills that I have either developed or improved, as a result of applying the learning which I have obtained during my time operating within a work experience environment. Crucially, I also had the opportunity to speak with far more experienced individuals than myself and this gave me an insight into how my career was likely to develop, from this point onwards. We will write a custom essay sample on Social policy and youth studies- Written personal statement, or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am currently coming to the end of my second year of studies and therefore, whilst I gained considerable knowledge during this work experience, there are still certain aspects of my own personal development which I need to focus on and further areas of development that will enable me to become even more efficient, in the future (Sanderson Percy-Smith, 1995). Work Experience Background My work experience took place within a childcare environment, dealing with eight year old children. I worked alongside several different professionals, including those who dealt with the day-to-day care of the younger children, as well as those involved more in the policy development of new skills among the older children, such as preparing them for formal education and supporting those who were already in formal education (Callender, 2000). I worked primarily alongside the lead individuals dealing with children of school age, i.e. those who were six to eight years old and this involved looking at the types of activities and work they were undertaking during the school day, in order to ensure that childcare activities outside of the school day, at the very least, did not contradict the work being undertaken within the school environment. A greater emphasis was also placed on social and emotional skills which were seen to be developing at a rapid rate during this age category, particu larly when children entered formal education for the first time (Pettit et al 1999). Skills, Attributes and Values Gained During Work Experience During my work experience within a childcare environment several skills attributes and values were gained. Many of these were gained as a result of shadowing a very experienced member of the team, as it enables me to identify ways in which I could potentially operate, in the future. The main skills which I gained during this work experience included the ability to think in a much more rounded way about situations being presented to me. During my first year of education, a large proportion of the activities were based on developing the ability to complete worksheets that would be appropriate for the children in my care, as well as much of the administrative activity that I perceived to be central to the childcare environment (Training and Employment Agency 1999). Whilst it remained important to follow educational policies, particularly with those children who were already of compulsory school age, I became much more aware of my need to adapt and to be flexible to the needs of the chil dren, rather than simply shoehorning the day-to-day activities within the childcare environment into my chosen plan or policy. I also gained a much greater value when it came to the discussions with children and recognising the importance of social interaction and giving children the opportunity to express themselves (UEA, 2002). My own ability to identify potential social and psychological problems, as well as identifying children who were possibly having issues outside the immediate childcare environment increased dramatically, as a result of shadowing my mentor and spending time simply observing activities within the childcare environment (Smith Barker, 2000). Personal Skills and Attributes for Employability Many of the skills and attributes which I developed in myself were those that I identified in the more experienced member of the staff and I felt would be good as transferable skills within my future studies. However, although the focus here was on children between the ages of six and eight, these skills could potentially be applied across a broad range of different ages and this is therefore something that will be useful for me in my future work experience and employment. The ability to identify key policy issues and then apply them in a wide variety of different situations is incredibly useful and a central aspect of my studies. Understanding underlying social policies is also critical, as anyone involved in a childcare environment needs to be able to look at the broader social implications, so that the day-to-day work that is undertaken with the children supports these social policies (Munton, et al 2001). I also feel that I have developed additional skills in terms of identifying the various different needs of children, depending on their demographic situation. This type of understanding, again, will be useful in a wide variety of different situations. Moreover, the ability to apply policies and practices in a sensitive and appropriate manner will provide useful opportunities for me, in the future, particularly when it comes to leading change within a childcare environment (SQW and NOP, 2002). Next Steps and Career Development Following on from this period of work experience and when combined with the skills and knowledge which I achieved during my first two years at university, I feel that I am now ready to look towards applying these skills in a practical sense (Alderson, 1995). Furthermore, I am looking for opportunities to work within an environment that will enable me to lead change and develop new working approaches that were potentially allow the childcare environment to adapt to different situations, rather than following strict lesson plans or care plans. By placing a heavy emphasis on dealing with general social policies, I feel that I shall be much better placed for establishing ways of working which are not currently being used and this is where I intend to focus my work, in the future. References Alderson, P, (1995), Listening to Children: Children, Ethics and Social Research London: Barnardos Callender, C, (2000), The Barriers to Childcare Provision Department for Education and Employment Research Report 231 London: Stationery Office Farrell, P., Travers, T. (2005). A healthy start: Mental health promotion in early childhood settings.Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 4(2), 1–10. Munton, A, McCullum, B, Rivers, K, (2001), Childcare Quality Improvement and Assurance Practices Department for Education and Employment, Research Report 266 Pettit, G, Bates, J, Dodge, K, Meece, D, (1999), ‘The Impact of After School Peer Contact on Early Adolescent Externalising Problems in Moderated by parental Monitoring, Perceived Neighbourhood Safety and Prior Adjustment’, Child Development, 70, p768-778 Sanderson, I, Percy-Smith, J, (1995), The Out of School Childcare Grant Initiative: An Interim Evaluation Department for Education and Employment, Research Series no 44 Smith, F, Barker, J, (2000), The Childcare Revolution: A Decade of Kids’ Clubs London: Kids’ Clubs Network SQW and NOP, (2002) The 2001 Childcare Workforce Surveys Department for Education and Skills Training and Employment Agency (1999), An Evaluation of Playcare Report by Policy Research Institute for Training and Employment Agency, Belfast UEA, (2002), A National Evaluation of Breakfast Clubs Department of Health How to cite Social policy and youth studies- Written personal statement,, Essay examples

Value Creation in Facilities and External Environments - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Value Creation in Facilities and External Environments. Answer: Introduction Honest Jim Cars is a company that deals with the retail sale of cars from different manufacturers. Initially, the company only started out with a single car yard and limited variety of cars. Due to serious competition in the market and lack of sufficient promotion and funding, the company grew very slowly. However, after the initiatives taken by a well known loyal customer, the company slowly gained popularity and started to grow quickly. Currently, the company has three different car yards in Melbourne and is looking to spread over other states in Australia. After the retirement of the initial ownership panel, the company is now run by their sons who are now looking to make some significant changes in the overall operational policy of the company. In addition to the physical retail stores, the company is now looking to enter e-commerce, which is relatively new to car dealership. Furthermore, the current owners are now looking to implement a suitable business model that will help the company to grow within a particular framework. In this report, an overall review process has been conducted on the industry, external and internal environments of the company as well as the requirements set by the company owners. Accordingly, a mock-up design has been developed for the proposed website for the company and in addition, a spreadsheet has been created using the sales data generated by the company that gives insight about the current business situation of the company. Motor vehicle dealership industry in Australia has always been highly popular although it faced a sharp decline during the global financial crisis in the first decade of the 21st century. However, after that period, the industry again stood up and started to grow. The demand for cars increases as the number of student immigrants continue to increase in Australia (Bellini et al. 2017). Most of these immigrants seek to buy or rent cars as a medium for their transport. As per an estimate, the revenue generated by the car dealership industry in 2017 is $63bn and the annual growth is found to be 0.5%. Furthermore, the industry currently provides employment to more than 67000 people in the country. However, although the industry is stable and the demand continues grow, the competition in the market is also very high. There are many large sized car dealers who dominate the industry and are also being franchised. As a result, small and medium sized car dealers often find it hard to get a significant place in the automobile dealership industry and it requires significant amount of funds and promotion to get a hold on the industry (Artto et al. 2017). The two largest companies in the industry are A P Eagers and Automotive Holdings Group who have significant shares on the overall car dealership industry in Australia. In spite of the competition, many small and medium car retails have grown up including Honest Jim, which is now looking to use a suitable business model and ecommerce in order to get a strong hold on the local and regional market in the country. Business Model and Environment There are several business models that are suitable for the company. However, the best business model that will help Honest Jim to grow in terms of size and revenue is franchise model. The franchise model helps any business organization to build a suitable brand value that attracts more customers than other organizations who do not have brand values. Furthermore, with the franchise model, the company can open more retail chains in various parts of the country and immediately gain success through brand value (Anwar and Zebari 2015). The target audience for such business framework should be the upper middle class and higher category of customers and the international immigrants who come to Australia for study and work. It is easier to attract the foreign immigrants with a proper brand value that also has significant international reach. In order to gain success in the proposed business system, the company must create a suitable value proposition that will also be aligned to the business model. This is required in order to attract more customers in their stores that not only generates revenue but also helps in gaining competitive advantage over other organizations in the same business domain (Galiano, Rodrguez and Saco 2018). In this particular case, the franchise business model is necessary and for that purpose, the company needs to develop and upgrade its own brand value. The overall need for the company is to first create a brand value by become a franchise by pulling all its business components under one common identity and system. In order to justify the value proposition, the company should open more retail chain stores in various parts of the country and also integrate business in all the stores using a common centralized server and a suitable ERP system (Kim and Talbott 2018). This will not only help the company to establish controlled approach to business but will also help them promote their brand equally through the various retail chains. SWOT Analysis and Discussion Based on the study of the internal environment of the company, a SWOT analysis can be conducted as follows. Strength Weakness i. The main strength of the company is that it has gained a significant amount of reputation through a well known loyal customer. ii. The company sells cars from excellent and popular car makers. iii. The company has three separate car yards for retail sale. i. The company does not have access to sufficient information system and information and communication technology (ICT). ii. The company lacks sufficient upgrades to maintain competitive advantage in the market. iii. The company lacks sufficient technical expertise to manage an upgraded information system and ecommerce. Opportunity Threat i. The company has sufficient budget to employ technically expert staff to bring suitable changes to the current system. ii. The company has a great opportunity to develop a franchise and deploy brand value system in the business plan. i. Due to lack of technical upgrades, the company is failing to cope with the strong market competition against some newly developed car dealer companies. ii. Sudden increase in popularity of online car sales means the company faces the threat of losing a strong customer base unless it enters the online car sale business as well. From the analysis of the internal environment of the company, it can be seen that the main issue associated with the business of the company lies in the lack of technical upgrades over the years. The company continues to follow the same business model from the start that is slowly starting to become obsolete (Ebben and Johnson 2015). Furthermore, the company lacks suitable personnel in the management team who are technically strong and able to handle new information system if it is implemented in the near future. However, with suitable budget for development and employment of technical staff, the company will be able to solve the issues and regain the control over the market. Porters 5 Forces Analysis The external environment of the company can be analyzed using Porters Five Forces as follows. Bargaining Power of Suppliers For the case of Honest Jim, the bargaining power of suppliers is medium due to a number of reasons. Firstly, there are already many alternative car dealers available in the market and hence, even if Honest Jim refuses to pay the asking price to the supplier (in this case, the car manufacturer), the supplier will be able sell the cars to some other car dealers (Gonzlez, Crcaba and Ventura 2015). This problem increases the bargaining power of the suppliers. Secondly, Honest Jim has sufficient popularity and with future franchising, the company will gain high brand value. This should encourage the suppliers to sell to them as there are more chances of sales of the cars from a popular dealer. This aspect will decrease the bargaining power of the suppliers. Threat of Substitutes The company does not face much threat of substitutes as it sells cars of almost all popular brands. There are currently not many substitutes of the cars available in the market. Furthermore, the company sells all the different classes of cars like Sedan, SUV and Ute thus ensuring all the demands of various types of customers are met (Sipho and Daniel 2017). However, in the near future, with the development of new class of electric cars like Tesla, the threat of substitutes may increase. Bargaining Power of Buyers For this company, the bargaining power of the buyers ranges from medium to low. The primary reason for this is that there are several other car dealers that have established strong business line in the same area and have deployed information system to take care of the business operations (Landau, Karna and Sailer 2016). However, the bargaining power of buyers does not go too high because the car prices fluctuate very less between various car dealers and only depend on the market condition only. Threat of New Entrants Unless Honest Jim upgrades itself with new technical setup and business framework, it may face significant threat of new entrants in the very near future. New car dealers are growing up in the nearby areas with advanced technical setup and technically adept management teams that are driving their companies towards excellence. Industrial Rivalry Currently, the industrial rivalry is very high especially due to the growth of many car dealers in the last few decades in the country and the increase of popularity and demand of cars in the country (vom Berg, Gmez and Sandau 2017). Already franchised car dealers have established a strong control over the market whereas medium sized organizations like Honest Jim has only got control over a small part of a regional market. Table Creation and Discussion The table for the raw data has been created and shown in the attached excel spreadsheet. From the analysis of the data in the spreadsheet, three insights that the managers can gain regarding the business have been identified as follows. Trend 1: Ute is the most popular class of car and this particular class has generated most sales and revenue for the company in 2016. Trend 2: In the entire period of 2016, the diesel cars have experienced much more sales than hybrid and petrol cars. Trend 3: The customers are preferring the latest models of the cars only as evident from the high amount of sales for the cars manufactured in 2016 and lack of sales for older cars. In the provided mock up designs in the Appendix section, three pages of the website have been provided. The justifications of the three pages are as follows. Home Page This is the page that opens when the customer enters the website. This page provides a number of information including new offers, slideshow of various cars sold and others. From this page, the customer can visit various pages like products, create account and others. Product Page When a customer clicks on a particular car, this page will open. This page will show details of the car, price, applicable offer and other similar cars available. Purchase Page When a customer checks out after selecting a car, this page will open and present the customer with payment options as well as request delivery location. The elements used in the website as per HCI and web usability guidelines are as follows. Visibility All elements in the site are easily visible to the visitor. Feedback The elements have feedback system for the visitor. For instance, whenever the visitor selects a car to buy, the site will ask him to register or login first. Consistency All elements of the website are fairly consistent, each element is arranged in an aesthetic manner and is fully functional. Accessibility The website is accessible to all internet users regardless of operating system. Home Page The home page is made as attractive and informative as possible. Navigation Navigation options are well developed and integrated in the website. Three additional tools that can be used by the company that will increase competitive advantage are as follows. Test Drive There can be a new page that will allow customer to apply for test drive. Driver Test This new page will allow customers to apply for driving test and earn license. Car Customization This new page will allow the customers to customize the car they will be purchasing. Conclusion In this report, an overall business evaluation for Honest Jim Cars has been provided. In order to get sufficient insight, both the external and internal environments have been analyzed and accordingly, a new business model has been proposed. It has been found from the analysis that although the company enjoys significant amount of success in the market, it requires sufficient technical upgrade and a suitable business model in order to maintain the business success as well as market competitiveness. Hence, franchise business model has been proposed that will help the company to establish a brand value. Furthermore, implementation of ERP system has been suggested so that the company can open more new retail chains but at the same time can be able to maintain business continuity and control over the entire retail chain. References Anwar, G. and Zebari, B.A., 2015. The Relationship between Employee Engagement and Corporate Social Responsibility: A Case Study of Car Dealership in Erbil, Kurdistan. International Journal of Social Sciences Educational Studies, p.45. Artto, K., Ahola, T., Kyr, R. and Peltokorpi, A., 2017. Managing business networks for value creation in facilities and their external environments: A study on co-location. Facilities, 35(1/2), pp.99-115. Beard, T.R., Ford, G.S. and Spiwak, L.J., 2015. The Price Effects of Intra-Brand Competition in the Automobile Industry: An Econometric Analysis. Bellini, E., Dell'Era, C., Frattini, F. and Verganti, R., 2017. Design?Driven Innovation in Retailing: An Empirical Examination of New Services in Car Dealership. Creativity and Innovation Management, 26(1), pp.91-107. de Oliveira, L.K., de Oliveira, G.F. and de Abreu Vieira, R., 2016. Identifying solutions for car vehicle deliveries in urban areas: a case study in Belo Horizonte (Brazil). Transportation Research Procedia, 16, pp.425-432. Dmtrfi, ., Pter, T. and Szab, K., 2016. Mathematical modeling of automotive supply chain networks. Periodica Polytechnica. Transportation Engineering, 44(3), p.181. Ebben, J. and Johnson, A., 2015. Simply sport bikes case study. The CASE Journal, 11(1), pp.113-122. Fresneda, J., Korschun, D. and Kothandaraman, P., 2016. CSR as an Adaptive Selling Tool: a Novel Framework and a Robust Analysis Proposal. In Celebrating Americas Pastimes: Baseball, Hot Dogs, Apple Pie and Marketing? (pp. 373-387). Springer, Cham. Galiano, A., Rodrguez, V. and Saco, M., 2018. Analysis of the behaviour of the clients assisted and sales variables in the different phases of the product life cycle. European Journal of Management and Business Economics. Gonzlez, E., Crcaba, A. and Ventura, J., 2015. How car dealers adjust prices to reach the product efficiency frontier in the Spanish automobile market. omega, 51, pp.38-48. Kim, Y. and Talbott, J.S., 2018. Marketing social selling jobs: a re-labelling strategy. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 36(1), pp.2-16. Landau, C., Karna, A. and Sailer, M., 2016. Business model adaptation for emerging markets: a case study of a German automobile manufacturer in India. RD Management, 46(3), pp.480-503. Lindquist, J.D., 2015. New Dealer Choice: The Buyer Perspective. In Proceedings of the 1987 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 260-264). Springer, Cham. Sipho, M.S. and Daniel, T., 2017. External environmental considerations in the planning of strategies of car dealerships. vom Berg, B.W., Gmez, J.M. and Sandau, A., 2017. ICT-platform to transform car dealerships to regional providers of sustainable mobility services. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge and Management, 12, pp.37-52. Xiao, J. and Ju, H., 2016. The determinants of dealership structure: Empirical analysis of the Chinese auto market. Journal of Comparative Economics, 44(4), pp.961-981.

Sonno Joi, Restore The Emperor And Expel The Barbarians, Essays

Sonno joi, "Restore the Emperor and expel the Barbarians," was the battle cry that ushered in the Showa Restoration in Japan during the 1930's.Footnote1 The Showa Restoration was a combination of Japanese nationalism, Japanese expansionism, and Japanese militarism all carried out in the name of the Showa Emperor, Hirohito. Unlike the Meiji Restoration, the Showa Restoration was not a resurrection of the Emperor's powerFootnote2, instead it was aimed at restoring Japan's prestige. During the 1920's, Japan appeared to be developing a democratic and peaceful government. It had a quasi-democratic governmental body, the Diet,Footnote3 and voting rights were extended to all male citizens.Footnote4 Yet, underneath this seemingly placid surface, lurked momentous problems that lead to the Showa Restoration. The transition that Japan made from its parliamentary government of the 1920's to the Showa Restoration and military dictatorship of the late 1930s was not a sudden transformation. Liberal forces were not toppled by a coup overnight. Instead, it was gradual, feed by a complex combination of internal and external factors. The history that links the constitutional settlement of 1889 to the Showa Restoration in the 1930s is not an easy story to relate. The transformation in Japan's governmental structure involved; the historical period between 1868 and 1912 that preceded the Showa Restoration. This period of democratic reforms was an underlying cause of the militarist reaction that lead to the Showa Restoration. The transformation was also feed by several immediate causes; such as, the downturn in the global economy in 1929Footnote5 and the invasion of Manchuria in 1931.Footnote6 It was the convergence of these external, internal, underlying and immediate causes that lead to the military dictatorship in the 1930's. The historical period before the Showa Restoration, 1868-1912, shaped the political climate in which Japan could transform itself from a democracy to a militaristic state. This period is known as the Meiji Restoration.Footnote7 The Meiji Restoration of 1868 completely dismantled the Tokugawa political order and replaced it with a centralized system of government headed by the Emperor who served as a figure head.Footnote8 However, the Emperor instead of being a source of power for the Meiji Government, became its undoing. The Emperor was placed in the mystic position of demi-god by the leaders of the Meiji Restoration. Parliamentarians justified the new quasi-democratic government of Japan, as being the "Emperor's Will." The ultra-nationalist and militaristic groups took advantage of the Emperor's status and claimed to speak for the Emperor.Footnote9 These then groups turned the tables on the parliamentarians by claiming that they, not the civil government, represented the "Imperial Will." The parliamentarians, confronted with this perversion of their own policy, failed to unite against the militarists and nationalists. Instead, the parliamentarians compromised with the nationalists and militarists groups and the general populace took the nationalists' claims of devotion to the Emperor at face value, further bolstering the popularity of the nationalists.Footnote10 The theory of "Imperial Will" in Japan's quasi-democratic government became an underlying flaw in the government's democratic composition. It was also during the Meiji Restoration that the Japanese economy began to build up its industrial base. It retooled, basing itself on the western model. The Japanese government sent out investigators to learn the ways of European and American industries.Footnote11 In 1889, the Japanese government adopted a constitution based on the British and German models of parliamentary democracy. During this same period, railroads were constructed, a banking system was started and the samurai system was disbanded.Footnote12 Indeed, it seemed as if Japan had successfully made the transition to a western style industrialized state. Almost every other non-western state failed to make this leap forward from pre-industrial nation to industrialized power. For example, China failed to make this leap. It collapsed during the 1840s and the European powers followed by Japan, sought to control China by expropriating its raw materials and exploiting its markets. By 1889, when the Japanese ConstitutionFootnote13 was adopted, Japan, with a few minor setbacks, had been able to make the transition to a world power through its expansion of colonial holdings.Footnote14 During the first World War, Japan's economy and colonial holdings continued to expand as the western powers were forced to focus on the war raging in Europe. During the period 1912-1926, the government continued on its democratic course. In 1925, Japan extended voting rights to all men and the growth of the merchant class continued.Footnote15 But these democratic trends, hid the fact that it was only the urban elite's who were benefiting from the growing industrialization. The peasants, who outnumbered the urban population were touched little by the momentous changes this lead to discontent in a majority of the populace. During the winter of 1921-1922, the Japanese government participated in a conference

Plato the Philosopher essays

Plato the Philosopher essays In 407 B.C Plato, a Greek Philosopher became a student of Socrates. He turned these great teachings of Socrates in to a career of his own. He was a son of wealthy and influential Athenian parents. When his master teacher died, Plato travelled to Egypt and Italy, where he studied with students of Pythagoras. There he also spent several years advising the ruling family of Syracuse. He later went to Athens where he founded the most influential school of the ancient world. Plato was one of the greatest philosophers of all time and will remain to be for centuries to come. He died some time in the year 347 B.C. Socrates was executed for his beliefs, and many of his writings were burned. He was executed some time in the year of 399 B.C. This execution greatly affected his life. Plato believed that skepticism and relativism killed socrates not the members of the Athenian jury. Skepticism is a doubting or disbelieving state of mind which is the loose sense. It also is the philosophical doctrine that absolute knowledge is unattainable which is the strict sense. The school that Plato founded was the Academy. It was founded in 387 B.C. He taught there untill his death. His most famous pupil there was Aristotle. Plato wrote 26 dialogues. The Republic was his most important dialogue. The Republic, Phaedo, Symposium, and Timaeus was to show the rational relationship between the soul, the state, and the cosmos. Later dialogues he wrote like the Laws and Parmenides, contain treatises on law, mathematics, technical philosophic problems, and natural science. Plato had various dialogues in which he focused on just about every problem that has occupied philosophers before him. Plato regarded the rational soul as immortal, and he believed in a world soul and Demiurge, the creator of the Physical world. He argued for the independent reality of ideas, or forms, as the immutable archetypes of all temporal phenomena and as the o...

International Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Law - Research Paper Example Goliath and Junior are correct because their trade policies cannot be termed as monopolies outside the United States. Cayman Islands (Junior, Ltd.) is a foreign company and is, therefore, not subject to the laws governing trade in the United States. Goliath Inc is also not liable to the law suit being supported by the United States since its contract with Junior Ltd does not affect the American market. Regulations concerning price fixing are normally applied internationally. However, when there are laws that seek to restrict price fixing to national sovereignty, challenges arise in finding out whether Goliath and Junior violated the anti-trust law (Mann and Barry, 2004). The major controversy arises due to the applicability of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to foreign businesses. It is true that Goliath was in contract with a company of foreign origin. However, its market is outside the United States. It is, therefore, difficult to enforce the law to the international market (Hylton, 2003). The geographic market is very important in determining whether the two companies engaged in illegal dealings. According to the act, the confines of the market are only within the United States. The market in which companies sell their products should be national, regional or local but not global. Goliath Inc. and Junior Ltd. have not committed any crime by engaging gin contracts that may affect the international market. The United States government should only be concerned if the operations of the two companies are affecting the national and interstate markets. The market in which an organization, for instance, Goliath Inc. and Junior Ltd. serve is not limited by transportation costs, the kinds of service, or product they sell and the geographic location of their competitors. Different countries have different laws concerning market monopolies. It is, therefore, difficult to find Junior Ltd with any wrong doing since the company is registered in line with

Information system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Information system - Essay Example tions that means they have to as well somehow facilitate all remote office workers and team members, internationally, to work together on the similar shared files as well as data at the same time. However, in view of the fact that business data file sizes and data storage needs are augmenting every year, as well as the well-organized sharing of files all through distributed business enterprises over the wide area network (WAN) has turned out to be an exceptional task. Additionally, the difficulty is that gigabytes of data can be shared over a local area network (LAN) through standard file server technology, they cannot be shared all trough remote offices linked over the WAN. On the other hand, standard file server protocols offer unacceptably slow response times to open and write files over the WAN in addition to this forces remote office IT managers to build a number of unappealing alternatives. Thus, in this scenario IT managers and network users have to either live with reduced pr oductivity because of poor network performance at remote offices or they have to make use of replication systems that waste business network storage as well as slow down worldwide collaboration (Dorairajan; Nash; Forouzan and Fegan). Dorairajan (2004) stated that a new class of product recognized as wide-area file services (WAFS) has demonstrated extraordinary outcomes in resolving the problem of remote office sharing and collaboration intended for distributed organizations and businesses like that Oliyday Hotels. Additionally, the wide-area file services (WAFS) allow corporations with remote offices to make use of the WAN to share files like if it were a virtual LAN, facilitating real-time, read/write access to shared business files in addition to assure the coherency and consistency of the entire business file data (Dorairajan; Forouzan and Fegan). In addition, the majority of the successful WAFS systems tackle inherent WAN file sharing problems through a multi-layered technology

Create your own assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Create your own assignment - Essay Example Use of their way of life (culture) and gender helps to give a reader an overview of traditional Igbo life and folkways that are seldom differentiated in European novels about Africa. Igbo society was a communitarian rather than individualistic tribe and its rituals and festivals were a means of fostering that community life.One of the Igbo cultures was the division between what is feminine and masculine varying from chores to crime. There were female crimes, those committed inadvertently, and there were male crimes. For example, Okonkwo’s killing of Ezeudu’s son as a result of an accidental gunshot was considered a female crime that was punishable by seven years of exile in his motherhood. If he had committed a male crime, Okonkwo’s punishment would have been permanent exile or death by hanging. The society of the Igbo was dominated by men that symbolizing power and control in the society. For example, due to their power and control, men were allowed to have multiple wives as one sign of maintaining status in the clan. The more the women a man had, the higher the rank he was placed in the society. Additionally, women were required to live st rictly according to Igbo customs. They were characterized by generosity and supportive of each other and each other’s children. It was also their culture that leadership was to be exclusively dominated by men while the women were supposed to be obedient to every man not only her husband. This expresses inferiority of women in the society as there were just there to follow orders from men without questioning. Igbo people were strongly bonded to their culture to an extent that even the arrival of the missionaries, they did not want to abandon their culture for the white man’s culture. The men were there to be first rebellious of the white man’s culture that claimed equality between man and woman, but the man was very stubborn

Measurement of Free

Measurement of Free-Fall Acceleration Essay Introduction Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), the man first accredited with the correct notion of free-fall with uniform acceleration, stated that if one were to remove entirely the resistance of the medium, all materials would descend with equal speed. Today, this statement holds true for all objects in free-fall near the Earths surface. The purpose of this experiment is to verify Galileos assertion that acceleration is constant. In addition, the magnitude of acceleration will be calculated. Theory By definition, acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Instantaneous acceleration is the derivative of velocity with respect to time. a(t) = dv / dt. Average acceleration is the change in velocity during a time interval, Dt, divided by the length of that interval, aave = Dv / Dt. In this experiment, average acceleration of gravity will be determined by measuring the change in position of a falling object at regularly timed intervals. With this, average velocities for these intervals will be calculated. A graph of the average velocities versus time should give a straight line whose slope is the acceleration of gravity (g). Apparatus To determine the acceleration of gravity the Behr apparatus will be used. The device consists of two vertical conducting wires, a thin strip of paper held  between them, and a metal-girdled weight designed to fall between the wires along the length of the paper strip. A spark timer transmits a high voltage electric pulse to the wires approximately 60 times a second. Every time a pulse is transmitted, two main sparks flow through the system. One spark passes from one wire to the metal girdle around the weight. The second spark causes a small burn in the paper, marking the location of the weight at that instant. Procedure Turn on the electromagnetic power supply and suspend the weight from the end of it. Confirm that the weight falls smoothly into the cup at the base of the apparatus when the electromagnet switch is turned off. Run this test run about three or four times before you continue. Next, draw a fresh strip of paper from the base of the device and clamp it in place. Turn on the electromagnet, and suspend the weight at the end of the magnet. Hold down the spark switch, and then immediately turn off the eleectromagnet power supply. The weight should fall down to the base of the apparatus, causing sparks to pass between the two wires and itself. Turn off the power to the spark timer and inspect the paper strip. A series of burns should be visible along the length of the paper. Remove the paper strip from the apparatus and immediately mark the spots with a pen or pencil to see them more clearly. Data and Results The following table shows the data calculated for the experiment. The spots found on the paper strip are shown as (n). The distance of the metal girdle along the strip is denoted by (x). Velocity is (v) and acceleration is (a). The estimated time (Dt) for this test was 60.2  ± 0.7s-1. Calculations of distance, velocity, and acceleration of metal girdle. n x n (cm) xn+1 x n (cm) xn+1 x n / Dt = v n (cm/s) vn+1 v n (cm/s) vn+1 v n / Dt = a (cm/s2) 1 0.00 2 0.70 0.70  ± .02 42.1  ± 2 3 1.43 0.73  ± .04 43.9  ± 3 1.8  ± 5 108  ± 302 4 2.43 1.00  ± .04 60.2  ± 3 16.3  ± 6 981  ± 373 5 3.72 1.29  ± .04 77.7  ± 3 17.5  ± 6 1054  ± 373 6 5.27 1.55  ± .04 93.3  ± 3 15.6  ± 6 939  ± 372 7 7.07 1.80  ± .04 108.4  ± 4 15.1  ± 7 909  ± 432 8 9.16 2.09  ± .04 125.8  ± 4 17.4  ± 8 1047  ± 494 9 11.5 2.32  ± .04 139.7  ± 4 13.9  ± 8 837  ± 491 10 14.1 2.61  ± .04 157.1  ± 4 17.4  ± 8 1047  ± 494 11 17.0 2.90  ± .04 174.6  ± 4 17.5  ± 8 1054  ± 494 12 20.1 3.15  ± .04 189.6  ± 5 15.0  ± 9 903  ± 552 13 23.6 3.45  ± .04 207.7  ± 5 18.1  ± 10 1090  ± 615 14 27.2 3.65  ± .04 219.7  ± 5 12.0  ± 10 722  ± 610 15 31.2 3.98  ± .04 239.6  ± 5 19.9  ± 10 1198  ± 616 16 35.4 4.20  ± .04 252.8  ± 5 13.2  ± 10 795  ± 611 17 39.9 4.52  ± .04 272.1  ± 6 19.3  ± 11 1162  ± 676 18 44.7 4.72  ± .04 284.1  ± 6 12.0  ± 12 722  ± 731 19 49.7 5.00  ± .04 301.0  ± 6 16.9  ± 12 1017  ± 734 20 55.0 5.33  ± .04 320.9  ± 6 19.9  ± 12 1198  ± 736 21 60.6 5.60  ± .04 337.1  ± 6 16.2  ± 12 975  ± 734 22 66.5 5.87  ± .04 353.4  ± 7 16.3  ± 13 981  ± 794 23 72.5 6.07  ± .04 365.4  ± 7 12.0  ± 14 722  ± 851 24 78.9 6.35  ± .04 382.3  ± 7 16.9  ± 14 1017  ± 855 25 85.8 6.68  ± .04 402.1  ± 7 19.8  ± 14 1192  ± 857 26 92.7 6.93  ± .04 417.2  ± 7 15.1  ± 14 909  ± 853 27 99.9 7.15  ± .04 430.4  ± 7 13.2  ± 14 795  ± 852 28 107.4 7.46  ± .04 449.1  ± 8 18.7  ± 15 1126  ± 916 29 115.0 7.74  ± .04 465.9  ± 8 16.8  ± 16 1011  ± 975 30 123.1 8.01  ± .04 482.2  ± 8 16.3  ± 16 981  ± 975 31 131.1 8.20  ± .04 493.6  ± 8 11.4  ± 16 686  ± 971 32 139.9 8.55  ± .04 515.0  ± 8 21.4  ± 16 1288  ± 978 33 148.7 8.80  ± .04 530.0  ± 9 15.0  ± 18 903  ± 1034 aAVE = 9.47  ± .69 m/s2 s = 9.47  ± .78 m/s2 slope (m) of graph = 8.9 Conclusions The average value of acceleration for each time interval is closer to the desired value of 9.8 m/s2 than the calculated slope of the velocity-time graph. The average of uncertainties for the calculated accelerations is a better as choice of uncertainty because it provides a narrower field of uncertainty than does standard deviation. In conclusion, the calculated value of 9.47  ± .69 m/s2 for acceleration is acceptable.

English Immersion Programs: Who is Targeted? Essay -- Essays Papers

English Immersion Programs: Who is Targeted? The topic of immigrant students entering not only our country but our public school systems, is slowly becoming a bigger and bigger controversy within the United States. Students are coming in from all over the world and entering our English-speaking school system without a word of English in their vocabulary. When they are thrown into the melting pot of today’s pubic schools, their presence affects so many more people than one would think. My belief that English immersion should replace bilingual programs can be correlated with three main groups all taking opposing stances on my argument. The three primarily affected groups are the immigrant students themselves, today’s workforce, and the bilingual education teachers. These three groups, all things considered, all take different approaches to the abolishment of bilingualism. Students would most likely agree with English immersion so that they can adapt better and sooner, while teachers would most likely disagree because their entire curriculum and teaching style would be subject to drastic changes. While these two groups are extreme opposites, today’s workforce serves to go either way. The three groups: students, the workforce and bilingual education teachers, serve as representatives for the many sides of the controversial changing of bilingual education in today’s high schools. Students are without a doubt, the most affected group within the bilingual education controversy. They are the children who are entering a new environment at one of the most crucial time in their lives. They need to learn the academics to help them succeed in the future, but how can they learn anything if they don’t even speak English? Fo... ...English immersion programs. There are perhaps thousands of groups that are and will be affected by bilingual education now and in the future. However, three main groups are affected more directly than most. Their correlation with the bilingual education controversy makes their standpoint on English immersion very biased. Students, today’s workforce, and bilingual teachers take very different sides when the education debate is considered. These three groups represent different sides of the growing controversy over the replacement of bilingual education with English immersion education in the United States. Works Cited: Valdà ©s, Guadalupe. Learning and Not Learning English. New York: Teachers College Press, 2001. Valdez, Elsa O. â€Å"Winning the Battle, Losing the War: Bilingual Teachers and Post-Proposition 227.† The Urban Review 33 (2001): 237-53.

International Management and Ethics: Culture Dimensions

INTERCULTURAL MANAGEMENT & ETHICS ACTIV-1 ACTIVITY 1 – TOPIC 1: CULTURAL DIMENSIONS DIALOGUE 1 1) Which cultural differences cause the misunderstanding or confusion? Which cultural dimensions can help us understand the situation? On my understanding of the situation – bearing in mind that when in a multicultural dialogue, many meanings can be found or understood by just context without the use of words – I believe that the confusion has its origin by the cultural difference amongh both characters. The conversation lied on Mr. Bakr’shoulders although Mr.Amstrong tried to redirect it to the field that was occupying his mind but without success. Mr Bakr has the strongest part of the dialogue: having a flexible concept of time, paying more attention to social talks –business small talks in this specific case – , focusing to address the conversation to become more social and mentioning the religion makes Mr. Amstrong to have a conflict with his cu ltural dimensions. Mr Bakr coming from an arab culture through this dialogue shows to be polychronic, particularistic, control oriented and collectivist.The reality could be a little bit different from my own words here. We need also to bear in mind the context where this conversation is taking place, the circumstances and sometimes, even the mood of the interlocutors. Mr Amstrong really wants to skip the social talk to stick into business but should he knew that Mr Bakr’s culture gives more importance to social talk rambling would have accept it and take some more time on this to try to redirect the conversation to his key point afterwards. 2) How do you think that the people involved feel in regards to his / her partner?How would they interpret the other party’s answers? I think in this case Mr Amstrong may have felt a feeling of frustration as well as distressed since he can think that Mr Bakr has been rude to him for avoiding the topic he wanted to talk about it. M r Bakr may have not probably even noticed Mr Amstrong’s troubles otherwaise he could have done something change it during their conversation. However Mr Bakr could also feel upset for Mr Amstrong’s insistence on the distribution subject. So from a small thing could become a big misunderstanding and depending on the context this could be a very grave problem.Maite Molina Sabate MIBTM INTERCULTURAL MANAGEMENT & ETHICS ACTIV-1 3) What would be helpful to avoid misunderstandings? Why is Mr. Amstrong unsuccessful trying to get the conversation where he wanted? This may be due to that Amstrong’s and Bakr’s cultural dimensions were just opposite to each other’s and neither of them tried to understand each other’s different cultures and respect that it is necessary to adapt oneself to other’s at some stage and show respect. And this should have been done by both parts. In real life this is not happening as often as it should.Most situations a re resolved by one of the characters taking the lead and the other respecting the culture difference and filling the gap as better as possible showing respect. But before introducing ourselves in another culture context –either by a meeting, a business trip or any sort of communication with someone from abroad – we should need be more conscious about the possible cultural differences and learn a little bit about customs and facts from that other culture in order to understand better the person who we will communicate with and the communication we will be holding.DIALOGUE 2 1) Which cultural differences cause the misunderstanding or confusion? Which cultural dimensions can help us understand the situation? I don’t see any confusion or misunderstanding in this second dialogue but an understanding. However if a subliminal confusion or misunderstanding is flowing it might be for the situation itself. Carolina’s priority is her daughter’s illness and so taking her at the doctor’s appointment whilst Alice is thinking in setting up a time to hold a meeting.Fortunately this meeting can be reschuled so there’s not a big problem on this situation. Cultural dimensions that could bring this situation would be from Carolina: polycronic (her sense of times and priorities can be diverse from anglo’s Alice), particularistic (decisions can be made by subjective decisions like in this case), a little bit egalitarian (in this case there’s no hierarchical since the meeting will be moved for everybody due to Carolina’s personal reasons and this brings us to the individualist concept as well.For Alice could be as follows: Hierarchical, collectivist (she moves the meeting’s day to meet Carolina’schedule) and harmony oriented since she is willing to adapt her and the fellow colleagues to Carolina’s needs. 2) How do you think that the people involved feel in regards to his / her partner? How wou ld they interpret the other party’s answers? I believe that in this situation Alice may feel frustrated since she cannot help but moving the meeting to help Carolina’schedule. Very understandable and comprehensive by her side but leaving business hierarchy and control aside.If every employee would ask for a change that would be needed and finding a date for a single meeting could be a nightmare every time that the question would arise. So some organization should be on demand or company’s policy to try to organize this gap at Maite Molina Sabate MIBTM INTERCULTURAL MANAGEMENT & ETHICS ACTIV-1 the same time as supporting employees that need some sort of help with personal and professional lifes. Carolina can feel very relieved to have Alice’s acceptance and support for the situation and very valuable for the company since not just understand the situation but change the date so she can assist. ) What would be helpful to avoid misunderstandings? In this cas e a good communication and having an internal policy to follow that would organize this and support either the employees as well as managers. Good communication is important because Alice could knew about Carolina’s problem earlier and reschedule the meeting beforehand and not just the day before. Carolina should know that a company needs an organization a hierarchegy so if she needs some time off that should be regulated and everybody that should need to be informed beforehand. Maite Molina Sabate MIBTM

Colgate Palmolive’s Strategies Essay

A distribution channel is defined as a set of intermediaries performing a variety of functions. These interdependent organizations are involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption. Marketing channels for a product are considered one of the more important decisions made for a product. It is believed that these channels not only serve the markets that the products move thru, but they make the markets. Distribution channels determine the price thus the profit of any given product. The final stop for any product/service is the consumers, what channels the product move through has many options. One very important decision in the channel is the push verse pull marketing. A company’s push strategy uses a sales force and other promotions to pursued intermediates to carry, promote and sell the product to the consumer (Kotler & Keller, 2009). This strategy is most effective when market share or name recognition is low, when consumers have no brand loyalty and product benefits are well known. In contrast, pull strategies use advertising and promotions to provoke consumers to request the product from intermediaries. The strategy is successful when consumers make a choice prior to purchase and choose based on brand loyalty and name recognition. A company must first identify the types of intermediaries available to assist with distribution to the consumer. When Colgate-Palmolive developed the new Precision toothbrush, they had to determine the distribution channel for the product. Like its other products, the Precision toothbrush would be sub-contracted to Anchor Brush. Anchor Brush would produce the new toothbrush (which required three different types of equipment), warehouse- hold inventories, and handle transport- channel is responsible for ensuring quicker delivery. Precision’s positioning as a niche or mainstream product played a major part in the pricing and production schedules being determined. Each positioning had a different effect on pricing and adequate supply for the market. The product positioning also determined what markets and where the product would be sold. Since research had shown the new product would create a new market of consumers and Colgate-Palmolive was an established brand in the toothbrush category, a â€Å"pull strategy† would seem effective. CP could collaborate with Anchor Brush, and sell the niche Precision toothbrushes in food and drug stores. Selling a mainstream Precision toothbrush would send product to mass merchandisers and club stores. Prior to the introduction of Precision toothbrush, Colgate-Palmolive did not sell directly to dentist, a definite area of opportunity for the product, whether niche or mainstream. Colgate-Palmolive like most companies developed a product and determined what distribution channels would be used to get the final product to the end users/consumer. A production, warehousing, and transporting partner were used to move the product to the final stage of the process, retail stores for consumer purchase. Colgate-Palmolive could benefit from using a sales force that worked directly with dentist to distribute the Precision toothbrush. This partnership between the niche product –Precision and dentist would increase awareness and provide â€Å"expert† endorsement to the new product. Once the demand was increased- fueled by dentist promotion, Precision can be moved to a mainstream product with little adjustment in production and warehousing. Colgate-Palmolive’s uses a vertical marketing system strategy to move the Precision toothbrush to market. Colgate-Palmolive is the channel captain with name recognition and the product ideal that the producer, warehouse, and transporter collaborate with to produce the product.

Bachelor of Arts in International Business Seeks Professional

Bachelor of Arts in International Business Seeks Professional Bachelor of Arts in International Business Seeks Professional Advancement by Enrolling in the Masteral Program in Business Administration, Major in Finance at UNLV – Personal Statement Example MBA Application I graduated in 2004 with a degree Bachelor of Arts in International Business from the of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). I would like to seek professional advancement by enrolling in the Masteral Program in Business Administration, major in Finance at UNLV. I am convinced that pursuing a Masteral degree will help me realize my educational and professional goals. Having worked for more than ten years now, I am aware that there are still a lot of things which I can learn in the area of business management. It is my belief that graduation from college is not the end of learning. Learning is a continuing life-long experience and taking an MBA course is a step towards this experience. Not only will a Masteral degree help me to learn new things; it will also assist me in accumulating new experiences, which I will discover from my professors and school mates. My work background dates back from 2001 to the present. I have worked as a general manager, certified teller, sales assistance manager and am currently a front desk agent in a hotel in Las Vegas. My work has exposed me to various administrative and managerial work. I have been tasked with several responsibilities which require technical knowledge in finance and operations management. I am comfortable working with different types of people, having a lot of exposure in customer relations. As a manager, I value leadership and try to inspire my co-workers to achieve their personal, as well as company goals. I am focus-driven and have a track record of superior performance in all of my jobs, which I partly attribute to the training I obtained from UNLV. My short-term educational goal is to graduate from a Masteral Program in Business Administration. After completing my Masteral degree, I see myself being involved in UNLV’s educational outreach programs so that I may be able to give back a little of what I have gained from the university. My long-term professional goal is to be able to continually upgrade and enhance my skills and knowledge. Furthermore, I would like to take on more meaningful and challenging responsibilities and contribute whatever I can with the company I will be working for in the future. After having gained enough expertise, I would like to grow and become a successful entrepreneur. I trust that you will look kindly on my application and its merits and consider me for UNLV’s Masteral Program in Business Administration. UNLV has been a big part of my success in my professional career and I hope to continue to be part of this superior university.

Content Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Content Marketing - Essay Example There is no doubt the University Co-op acknowledges that it would not exist without the populaces that form its clientele base. In the spirit of mutual benefit, the organization has incessantly provided support ranging from $20 to $1,000,000 to students, faculty and the staff of the University of Texas in Austin as well as other community-based development projects (The University Co-op, 2013). It is indeed a venerable venture, the mother of hearty givers. Co-op GOES is one of the programs that the organization has supported for the past eight years. In the spirit of giving, the institution has continued supporting Global Opportunities in Education Scholarships. It has donated a total of $1,400,000 to Provost’s offices to sponsor hundreds of students to study abroad (The University Co-op, 2013). Many needy students with high academic capabilities have had the chance to realize their dreams through the organization’s culture of giving. Further, the organization gives students opportunities for capacity building by funding student organizations. Since 2002, the institution has devoted up to $1,566,291 to fund registered student organizations in the University of Texas, Austin (The University Co-op, 2013). Venerability of the University Co-op further exhibits itself in its continued support for UT Athletic Department Endeavors. For as long as institutions need to subsist, there is great need to sustain operations of University Co-op for the efforts it places in enhancing athletics and sports for both men and women. As it realizes the significance of sporting in individual development and has donated $1,165,000 towards sporting activities since 2002. The organization supports the Longhorn foundation, Athletics Academic Awards and Women’s Hall of Honor (The University Co-op, 2013). Additionally, the University Co-op gives opportunities to parents and their children to explore education and career chances in its locality

Personal Impact of Substance Abuse Research Paper

Personal Impact of Substance Abuse - Research Paper Example You came light at night and that is what made your eldest son to bring you over here. You need to see the fact that your kids need you right now. They are also going through the same phase as you are but they are trying to cope with it. They have already lost their mother and they do not want to lose their father as well. If you will go on to take alcohol like this, you won’t only destroy your life but you will also be responsible for snatching away the future of your kids. Instead of being calm and patient with them, you shout at them and indulge in arguments with your loved ones (Wolfenden, 2010). Whenever you drive with alcohol in your body and mind, you are risking your life. You exhaust yourself, you make yourself numb through alcohol and thus you do not have the energy to talk to your kids. It is necessary that you communicate with them. In this way, not only you will feel better but your kids will also feel better. If you will keep on taking alcohol, you will be subjecting yourself to heart diseases (Wolfenden, 2010). Moreover, these habits also lead to high blood pressure which in turn leads to strokes, acute kidney failures and in many sever cases, cancer. When you said that you have tried to stop, but could not, it is because you cannot get rid of this problem in a day. You need medical supervision when you withdraw from this alcohol abuse. The symptoms are direr when you stop taking it after a period of over dose. You will suffer from headache, nausea; increase in the heart beat level, decrease in appetite, tremors, exhaustion and sometimes insomnia (Wolfenden, 2010). But you should not worry because this all is normal when you withdraw from alcohol. After a month or two you start to feel immensely better. You will also be given some medicines to curb the urge of drinking alcohol. These medicines will be temporary and will be stopped after a certain time period. You need to organize your life once again, and I understand that it is easier said

Ismg 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ismg 2 - Essay Example In IT departments, today’s CIOs are at cross-roads (Austin, Nolan and O’Donnell 15). Globalization and digitalization, on the other hand, make technology more significant than ever. Hence, IT skills have become the competitive factor that every organization needs to penetrate in to the global market, as well as the human society. Latest technology, for instance social and cloud computing, also have unleashed the probability of decentralizing an enterprise (Austin, Nolan and O’Donnell 16). This has put IT along with its CIOs in a significant situation where they must to generate enhanced tactics so as to move with the global trends. CIOs who succumb to these challenges either quit their job or are eventually laid off. Barton could uncover his new staff by recognizing the talent of every member of his staff (Austin, Nolan and O’Donnell 26). Changing a business plan, as perceived, is easier than discovering talents. However, discovering and developing the talents of Barton’s staff members is the best option of attaining organizational goals. Barton could uncover his new staff by seeking for real diversity of talent among the workers (Austin, Nolan and O’Donnell 26). Staff member should be assigned quite diverse jobs in order for Barton to realize their competence. In a majority of cases, a good number of workers will do better than perceived in their new role (Austin, Nolan and O’Donnell 27). Also, Barton should seek to reward his staff whenever they do something appealing, and motivate them when things do not go as planned. Through this, every member of Barton’s staff will always perform to the fullest in line with his or her specialization. David says that Barton will last no more than any year since this has been the trend with a majority of CIOs in the IT field. Even though, David’s basis might be true, it shows how arrogant David is. CIOs face

Tinnitus And The Psychology Of Hearing Essay Example for Free

Tinnitus And The Psychology Of Hearing Essay â€Å"Tinnitus is the subjective sensation of noise—usually described as ringing, hissing, buzzing, roaring, chirping, or clicking sounds—in the ears that cannot be attributed to any external sound† (Hannan, Sami, Wareing, 2005; Lalwani, Snow, 2005). The American Tinnitus Association (2007) estimates that about 50 million Americans experience tinnitus, with men affected more than women (Lockwood, Salvi, Burkard, 2002). â€Å"Twenty-five percent of these individuals suffer from severe enough tinnitus to prompt medical consultation†. Although a relatively common condition, the mechanisms of tinnitus are as yet poorly understood (Lalwani et al, 2005; Lockwood et al, 2002). â€Å"As discussed by Lockwood and associates (2002), there are currently two schools of thought that offer contradictory explanations as to the origin of tinnitus†. On the one hand are those who forward the hypothesis that tinnitus is mainly due to a cochlear pathology, as evidenced by the high incidence of cochlear damage in individuals with tinnitus. This is countered on the other hand by those who propose a central nervous system origin of tinnitus, as implied by the observation of tinnitus in patients with complete transections of the auditory nerve (Lockwood et al, 2002). The present paper is a review of the physiology of hearing, and an attempt to correlate it with tinnitus. Hearing is a function subserved peripherally by the ears and the auditory nerve (cranial nerve VIII), and centrally by the transverse temporal gyri of the temporal lobe (Willis, 2004). These structures altogether make up the auditory system, which primarily functions in the transduction of sounds emanating from the environment. The peripheral auditory apparatus—that is, the ear—â€Å"acts as the interface between the external environment and the individual†. Sound—actually wave vibrations—enters the external auditory canal and sets the tympanic membrane in motion. This, in turn, moves the ossicles—the maleus, incus and stapes—which causes pressure changes in the fluid-filled inner ear. Clearly, from the external environment to the inner ear, sound is carried as wave vibrations, transmitted initially through solids—cartilage and bone—and later through a fluid media—the perilymph and endolymph. The efficiency of this process—a transfer of energy from air, through solids, then through fluids—is ensured by the tympanic membrane and the ossicles, which act as an impedance-matching device (Lalwani et al, 2005). From the internal ear to the central nervous system, on the other hand, sound is interpreted as gradients of electron charges across membranes. The inner ear—principally the cochlea—is a complex composed of the bony and membranous labyrinths. The bony labyrinth component of the cochlea includes several chambers, namely the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. The scala vestibuli connects with the vestibule and the oval window, whereas the scala tympani connect with the round window. These two chambers merge at the helicotrema, located at the cochlear apex. The membranous labyrinth component of the cochlea is the scala media, which is located between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani. As mentioned previously, the inner ear is a fluid-filled structure. Specifically, the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani are filled with perilymph, which resemble cerebrospinal fluid, while the scala media is filled endolymph, which resembles intracellular fluid (Willis, 2004). Within the cochlea is located the organ of Corti, the neural apparatus responsible for sound transduction, which is composed of several thousand hair cells, the sensory receptors for sound. At the apex of each hair cell are stereocilia, and at the base are nerve fibers that belong to the cochlear division of the eighth cranial nerve. The sound wave transmitted by the middle ear case fluid movements within the bony labyrinth, and part of the hydraulic energy of these fluid movements result in displacement of the organ of Corti. The stereocilia are deformed or bent by the shear forces produced by this relative displacement. The current concept of cochlear transduction is that displacement of the tips of the stereocilia, especially if this displacement is toward the tallest cilium (Willis, 2004), allows potassium to flow into the cell, resulting in its depolarization (Lalwani et al, 2005; Ricci, Kachar, Gale, Van Netten, 2006). The influx of potassium opens calcium channels near the base of the cell, stimulating transmitter release, thought to be glutamate or aspartate (Willis, 2004; Lalwani et al, 2005; Ricci et al, 2006), and firing of the cochlear nerve fibers. This discharge is transmitted to, from peripheral to central, the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei, trapezoid body, superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (which gives rise to the auditory radiation), and ends in the auditory cortex located in the transverse temporal gyri of the temporal lobe (Willis, 2004; Lalwani et al, 2005). The end-result of all these is the perception of sound. The subjective perception of sound that is tinnitus could theoretically originate anywhere along the length of the auditory system. However, since the sound heard of individuals suffering from tinnitus is not attributable to any external source, the origin of tinnitus could be limited to the cochlea, specifically the organ of Corti, and the central nervous sytem (Lockwood et al, 2005). Cochlear damage, specifically damage to the hair cells of the organ of Corti, was initially believed to cause tinnitus (Eggermont, 1990; Zenner Ernst, 1993). Although auditory receptor cells have been documented to regenerate and subsequently recover functionally after damage in many vertebrates (Goode, Carey, Fuchs, Rubel, 1999; Stone Rubel, 2000; Zakir Dickman, 2006), spontaneous regeneration of mammalian hair cells does not occur (Zakir et al, 2006). Damage to hair cells, especially through prolonged exposure to supraphysiologic sound levels, may result to transmission of depolarization within the hair cell, and, thus, false perception of sound in the absence of an external source of the same. In contrast to this proposition was the hypothesis forwarded by Lockwood and companions (2002), which attributes tinnitus to central nervous system defects. â€Å"They propose that hearing loss results to reorganization of the pathways in the central auditory system†, which lead to abnormal interactions between auditory and other central pathways, as is seen in neuropathic pain. An example of this phenomenon is gaze-evoked tinnitus, â€Å"where lateral eye movements fail to produce the inhibition of the auditory cortex observed in controls†. It was proposed that the absence of this phenomenon may contribute to the false perception of sounds, that is, tinnitus (Lockwood et al, 2002). It was contended that this explanation accounted for the perception of tinnitus in individuals whose auditory nerves have already been previously transected. Lockwood and associates (2002), citing from Levine (1999), also forwarded the explanation that tinnitus results from a reduction in auditory-nerve input, â€Å"which leads to disinhibition of the dorsal cochlear nucleus and an increase in spontaneous activity in the central auditory system†. This mechanism was proposed to explain tinnitus experienced by normal individuals following exposure to noise, or placement in total silence. REFERENCES American Tinnitus Association (2007). About tinnitus. Retrieved April 3, 2007, from http://www.ata.org/about_tinnitus/consumer/faq.html#1. Eggermont JJ (1990). On the pathophysiology of tinnitus: a review and a peripheral model. Hear Res, 48, 111-24. Goode CT, Carey JP, Fuchs AF, Rubel EW (1999 March). Recovery of the vestibulocolic reflex after aminoglycoside ototoxicity in domestic chickens. J Neurophysiol, 81(3), 1025-35. Hannan SA, Sami F, Wareing MJ (2005, 29 January). 10-minute consultation: tinnitus. BMJ, 330, 237. Lalwani AK, Snow JB (2005). Disorders of smell, taste, and hearing. In DL Kasper, E Braunwald, AS Fauci, SL Hauser, DL Longo, JL Jameson (Eds.), Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine (16th ed.) (pp.176-185). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division. Levine RA (1999). Somatic (craniocervical) tinnitus and the dorsal cochlear nucleus hypothesis. Am J Otolaryngol, 20, 351-62. Lockwood AH, Salvi RJ, Burkard RF (2002, 19 September). Current concepts: tinnitus. N Engl J Med, 347(12), 904-910. Radeloff A, Smolders JW (2006, May). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor treatment does not improve functional recovery after hair cell regeneration in the pigeon. Acta Otolaryngol, 126(5), 452-9. Ricci AJ, Kachar B, Gale J, Van Netten SM (2006). Mechano-electrical transduction: new insights into old ideas. J Membr Biol, 209(2-3), 71-88. Smith ME, Coffin AB, Miller DL, Popper AN (2006, November). Anatomical and functional recovery of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) ear following noise exposure. J Exp Biol, 209(Pt 21), 4193-202. Stone JS, Rubel EW (2000, 24 October). Cellular studies of auditory hair cell regeneration in birds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97(22), 11714-21. Willis WD (2004). The special senses. In RM Berne, MN Levy, BM Koeppen, BA Stanton (Eds.), Physiology (5th ed.) (pp. 118-154). Missouri: Mosby. Zakir M, Dickman JD (2006, 15 March). Regeneration of vestibular otolith afferents after ototoxic damage. J Neurosci, 26(11), 2881-93. Zenner HP, Ernst A (1993). Cochlear-motor, transduction and signal-transfer tinnitus: models for three types of cochlear tinnitus. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 249, 447-54.

Background and Future of Quantity Surveying

Background and Future of Quantity Surveying This written report will critically discuss the role of the Quantity Surveying in the short form named QS within the contemporary built environment. Before discuss or considering about what is the changing role of Quantity Surveyor is in the future, the background of the Quantity Surveying is worthwhile to have a review. The traditional roles and evolved roles of Quantity Surveryor will be briefly discussed. Least, the responsibilities of Quantity Surveyor will be carried out too. Background to the Quantity Surveying Quantity Surveying (QS) profession has been experienced significant change over the past decade in terms of the scope and types of services provided both within and outside of the construction industry. All the changes have been occurs in response to changing clients or industry demands, IT (information technology) developments and increased level of competition of services. As the technology and Architecture buildings are constantly developed, Quantity Surveyor(s) played an important role in both public and private sector. Thus, how many people know about who is Quantity Surveyor? What is the Quantity Surveying profession is in nowadays? What are Quantity Surveyor do for? By according to QSBC (2009), stated that Quantity surveyors are the profession developed during the 19th century from the earlier Measurer, Quantity Surveyor is a specialist tradesman (often a guild member) who always prepared standardized schedules for a building project in which all of the construction materials, labour activities and the like were quantified, and against which competing builders could submit priced tenders. Because the tenders were each based on the same schedule of information, they would be easily compared to find the most suitable candidate. QSBC (2009). Furthermore, Seelay 1997 stated that a Quantity Surveyor is fully professional trained, qualified and experienced in dealing with the basic problems on behalf of the employer. Quantity Surveyor is essentially a cost expert or as a cost controller whose prime task is to ensure that the project is kept within the agreed budget which has been signed in contract document, and important is to make sure that the employer obtains value for money. (Seeley, 1997 pg.40.) Moreover, QSBC (2009) also discussed that, Quantity Surveyor is a professional who are usually working within the construction industry. The role of Quantity Surveyor is to manage and to control the costs of the particular construction projects and may be involving the use of range of management procedures and technical tools to achieve the goals. From difference sources, there is difference method to interpreted or discussed of roles of Quantity Surveyor. And then, the definition of the role of Quantity Surveyor should be known. By referring to RICS (Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, 1983a, pg.1) which stated that In the 1971s report, the role of Quantity Surveyor was defined as ensuring that the resources of the construction industry are utilized to be the best advantage of society by providing, inter alia, the financial management for projects and a cost consultancy service to the client and designer during the whole construction process. In addition, the distinctive competence of the Quantity Surveyor is a skill in measurement and valuation in the construction field in order that such work can be described and the cost and price for the particular project can be forecast defined, analyzed, planned, under controlled and accounted for. Quantity Surveyor A Quantity Surveyor is key professionals in the construction sector or industry. Quantity Surveyor(s) always act as a cost Engineer, cost Planner or cost Controller. A Quantity Surveyor is specializes in estimating the value of the construction project works. Quantity Surveyor(s) will use their skills to do the taking off quantity of the propose building, and determine the cost of building work ranging from small refurbishment works through to assessing the value of multi-million money construction project. Quantity Surveyor(s) normally works with Developers, Architects, Contractors, Building Proprietors and works with Government Bodies and Agencies. Addition, Quantity Surveyor(s) can be involved in cost planning, cost management, Contract Administration, project procurement, feasibility studies and the asset financial management. The purpose of Quantity Surveyor is to lower down or minimize project cost and maximize the value on a given proposed project. By either increasing value for money to a developer or end user client, or increasing profit margins for the main contractor or subcontractor, Quantity Surveyor whilst still achieving the required standards specified under the agreement, within contract program. Construction cost, construction management and construction communication are all key problems area for an employer or client who has commissioned and important building or engineering project. Thus, a professional trained, qualified and fully experienced Quantity Surveyor whose expert in dealing with these problems is needed. An experienced Quantity Surveyor(s) will accomplish their objectives in a variety of ways and largely guided by their experience; however more tangible factors also play a part such as a carefully selected procurement strategy, use of terms and conditions of contract and negotiation skills. Furthermore, the role of a quantity surveyor played is to manage the costs relating to building projects. This may include new builds, renovations or maintenance work. From early design costs to final figures, Quantity Surveyors seek to minimise the costs of the project and enhance value for money whilst ensuring that the project meets all legal and quality assurance requirements. Quantity Surveyors are involved at various stages of the construction process, typically prior to construction, during construction and following completion of the works. Prior to Construction Stage During Construction Stage Post Construction Stage Preparation of Feasibility Studies Provision of cost control services during construction Determination of the final project cost Estimating to define projects budgets/ amount Assessment of the contractors progress claims Preparation of tax depreciation reports for investors and property owner Analysis of the effect of design changes on the project budget Assessment of variation and delay claims Expert witness reports to assist in the settlement of building disputes. Cost planning to refine the budget as the design documents develop Procurement of subcontractors and labour to carry out the specialist trade works Preparation of Bills of Quantities to assist in the tender process Negotiation and settlement of accounts Monthly forecasting and cost reporting Monthly negotiation and agreement of payments for works carried out Table 1: Construction stages involved by Quantity Surveyor(s) Role of Quantity Surveying The Quantity Surveying profession in the United Kingdom has largely developed over the last century. It has grown to such an extent that it forms the second largest division in Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS). As building works increased in volume and complexity, the employers became not satisfied with the method adopted for settling all the cost of the construction works and recognized the advantages of employing an independent Quantity Surveyor who would prepare and produce out an accurate bills of quantities (BOQ) to be priced by tendering contractor(s). And also employers will seek for the Quantity Survey who would measure and value any variations that might occur during the construction works progress. The common role of quantity surveyor(s) is to manage or be able to the costs relating to the particular propose building projects. This may include new builds, renovations or maintenance work. From early design costs to final figures, quantity surveyors seek and to be ensure to minimise the costs of the project and enhance value for money whilst ensuring that the project meets all legal and quality assurance requirements. Quantity surveyor duties typically include: Conducting feasibility studies to estimate materials, time and labour costs Preparing, negotiating and analysing costs for tenders and contracts Coordination of work effort Advising on a range of legal and contractual issues Valuing completed work and arranging for payments Traditional Role of Quantity Surveying/Surveyor Based on HKIS stated thatAs a tradition, estimating, preparation of tender documents, tender analysis, contract documentation, valuation and variation, and all quantity surveying related works of infrastructure projects are always handled by civil engineers notwithstanding that majority of these works are actually handled by quantity surveyors under the supervision of civil engineers. In the building works, the traditional role of handling these works by architects had been changed to become the role of quantity surveyors, and the Government and Private Forms of Building Contract were changed to recognize such QS role. However, in the infrastructure works, such QS role is still with the civil engineers as stated in the Government Form of Civil Engineering Works (HKIS, 2008). Ashworth and Hogg (2007) stated that the traditional role of Quantity Surveyor is still practiced on small to medium sized projects. It can be described as a measure and value system. Quantity Surveyor should prepared using a single price method of estimating, produce bills of quantities for tendering, measure the progress payments base on the work and prepare final account on the basis of the tender documentation. The traditional role, which is still practiced by some, also can be described as measure and value system. Approximate estimates of the initial coasts of building are prepared by using a single price method of estimating and where this cost was acceptable to the client then the design was developed by Architect. Quantity surveyor will prepared and produced bills of quantities (BOQ) for tendering purposes. The work would be measured for weekly/monthly/half yearly for the progress payments and a final account will be then prepared on the basis of the tender documentation. On traditional roles, Quantity Surveyor will conducting single rate approximates estimating to the particular project. Furthermore, Quantity Surveyor also will take part into cost planning in the management team and giving advice in cost planning. In addition, Quantity Surveyor will also giving client advice on procurement, advise measurement and qualification on the project taken. The most significant roles or services which provided by Quantity Surveyor are do taking off, preparation of tender document and produce bills of quantities (BOQ). During construction period, Quantity Surveying should giving advice on cost controlling to ensure that the amount and agreed budget for the proposed construction project is still under control. This is important to not make client to facing any financial problems. By during the construction progress period, interim valuations and payment all prepare by Quantity Surveyor. Quantity Surveying will go to construction to do interim valuations to evaluate the work progress on site. After the evaluation, thus Quantity Surveying will prepare the interim progress payments for client. Interim payments thereafter will be claims by contractor. Besides, Quantity Surveyor also will be advise in client financial statements. Preparation of final account, agreement and the last settlement of contractual claims will be fully produced by quantity surveyors. Evolved role of Quantity Surveying/Surveyor Today, not only is the Quantity Surveyor generally regarded as indispensible on any major building contract, and often on civil and heavy engineering as well, but Quantity Surveyor also now being appointed as project manager, to take control of the proposed project from inception to completion and to coordinate the work of the design team and the main contractor and subcontractors. RICS (1983a) also pointed out that the Quantity Surveyors expertise had been further developed after 1971. For the construction project, Quantity Surveyor(s) are involved in the field of manpower planning, resources control and in assessing the effects of time. The filled of contracting, civil and industrial engineering construction, mechanical and electrical engineering services, and project management and control also relate to the Quantity Surveyor. That means the role of the Quantity Surveyor is extended in 1980s. The Quantity Surveyor involve complex resource procurement and management processes, besides deal with complex construction contracts; provides the basis for a disciplined and well managed approach to projects. In response to the potential demise of bills of quantities, Quantity Surveyor(s) began to exploring potential roles for their services. Procurement, a term no longer used until the 1980s, became an important area of activity, largely because of the increasing array of options that were available. As a Quantity Surveyor in evolved roles, QS should improve the quality of service and the matching of the known resources to suit for the requirement of clients. By referring to Seeley (1997) stated that the Quantity Surveyor not only regarded building contract and often as project manager on civil and heavy engineering contracts to control the project from inception to completion and coordinate with other parties to take over the works. Quantity Surveyor is an important member of the design team in both the public and private sectors to advising employers and architects on the probable costs of alternative designs. Thus, Quantity Surveyor will be more active and act more roles and character in evolved method. Future roles of Quantity Surveyor The industrys client has become increasingly concerned about the services provided. They have examined traditional contractual procedures, have found their lacking and have sought to create new services more appropriate to their needs. In general, they have been looking for results and improved value for money.